The Tool Bench, part 2.

Part 1 is here.

I intend to mount several stationary tools to the bench.  Since some are heavy and other will involve me applying some force, I decided to put a thick top on the bench.  After going through my scrap plywood pile, I found I had four pieces of 1/2" plywood that were all the right size.  The truth is, I had been using one of these for a temporary work surface.  When I sized the bench, I used the plywood's dimensions as a starting point and designed outwards.

The plan was to glue together these 4 sheets of plywood to make a heavy top.

The first step in gluing 4 sheets of plywood together is to get a friend to help.  My friend Marco came over to lend an assist.  We first taped plastic grocery bags over the sides and the lip on which the top would sit, so any squeeze-out would not glue the top to the sides.  We then numbered each piece of plywood so we could assemble the top in the correct order.  We discussed how the glue-up would happen. Carpenter's glue is made to set up pretty fast - this is usually a good thing.  For complex glue-ups, not so much!  We positioned all my clamps and cauls so when it was time, we'd be ready and wouldn't be fumbling for them.

Finally we placed the first sheet of plywood.  I got the first bottle of yellow carpenter's glue ready by removing the top.  I poured the glue right out of the bottle while Marco spread it over the plywood.  I poured about 8 ounces of glue - enough so the entire surface was wet and stayed wet.  Then we dropped the 2nd sheet of plywood in place and repeated the gluing procedure.  When all was said and done, I used a total of 32 ounces of glue.  I probably could have safely used more.

We verified that all the plywood was positioned correctly; it would be hard to fix after the glue set.  Then we clamped the plywood sheets down and together using bar clamps and cauls to spread the pressure evenly.  We used pairs of clamps and 2x4's on-edge to force the plywood sheets tight against the lip.  For better or for worse, the top now conforms to the bench.  It probably doesn't matter that much, the bench was pretty square.

The next day I took the clamps off.  Much to my relief, the plastic bags did indeed prevent us from gluing the top to the sides.  Had it not worked, there would have been little chance of ever getting the bench apart in case I had to get it out of the basement or perform some modification to it.

Here what the bench looks like with it's new 2" thick top.  Pardon my sawdust, I had to true up the edges of the top a little bit.

Here's a close up, though I don't know how helpful it is.

I had originally intended run some stringers around the bottom of the legs.  I don't know if I will or not.

Next steps will include screwing the top down and bolting down the tools.

The Tool Bench, part 1.

My basement metal shop has been coming to life. The lathe is working well. I've properly mounted the 4-jaw and 3-jaw chucks onto back plates. I replaced my dead bench grinder, bought an arbor press, and a friend gave me a spare drill press (thanks Marco!)

I found that smaller accessories consumed all my flat space, and more. One WorkMate has a sheet of plywood on top - it's my "bench." Of course it is wholly unstable and it's only a matter of time before I dump all the accumulated crap onto the floor. My other WorkMate has become a permanent stand for the arbor press and vise. In addition, I have to use my bar clamps to secure these things!

The solution, other than to get rid of my trash (not happening), is to build a real bench. I've decided to replace the plywood-and-workmate-disaster-waiting-to-happen with an island bench. Then I'll bolt the drill press, arbor press, grinder, and vise to it. This will free up both WorkMates, reduce the chance of dumping fragile things into the floor, and make it much easier to work efficiently in my limited shop time.

So what are the attributes I need for this bench?  I need...

1. a bench that won't flex when I use a hammer.
2. sturdiness to support the relatively heavy bench grinder.
3. stability - no shaking, racking, or rocking.
4. longevity because I don't want to have to rebuild the bench.
5. enough room to mount the previously mentioned tools.
6. to be able to repurpose the bench in case my needs change.

Item 6 is actually an interesting requirement. If I skimp anywhere, I could end up with a bench that's is insufficient for the next task. The additional expense is minimal.

The beginning of a sturdy bench is probably the top.  If it flexes because it's too thin or disintegrates because it's chipboard, then it will be useless and worse, annoy me.   So I started off my adventure by poking around in my plywood pile; I like to use what I already have. Many years ago I was gifted several pieces of 1/2" plywood. In fact, one of those pieces (3' x 4') is currently my 'bench' in the shop. I found I have enough pieces already cut to this size to make a 2" thick top.  I did some ciphering and satisfied myself that a 3' x 4' bench would be large enough for the tools I want to mount to it.

Now, I hate an exposed plywood edge.  Once dinged, a plywood edge will give terrible splinters. There are two options - 'band' the edge with a piece of solid wood or bury the top into the sides of the bench. I opted for the latter approach. (I edged some plywood when I made the lathe bench...)

How would I mount the 2" thick, 3'x4' top into the bench?  Since I wanted the bench to be sturdy I opted to set the top onto a lip.  I came up with using 2x6 for the apron and a 2x4 for the lip. Here's a image showing how these parts are put together and how they relate to the legs, which are 4x4s.

The top will sit very nicely on the 2x4s (and 4x4s), I have plenty of room to get some screws in, and the edges will be wholly covered by the 2x6 apron.

These decisions pretty much set the entire design.  The only remaining unknown is the height.  I opted for 34"; this height worked well for the lathe bench.

From this I worked out that the long side of the apron is 48". The short side is 39" (the 3" beyond the 3' width of the top allows an overlap, see the image above.)  The 2x4 lips are 41" on the long side and 29" on the short side.

I cut all these pieces on the radial arm saw.  I used a long fence and a stop to ensure that pieces that were supposed to be the same length were as close as I could get them.  This worked well - all 27 pieces are the right length.

This shot is a little too head-on, but there are 4 posts (legs), the four 2x6 apron parts, and various longer 2x4 parts.  The stack of corbels is on the left.

Here are all the parts of the top,  put down in their relative positions.

The first part of the assembly process is to create the apron pieces.  Each 2x4 should be centered on its 2x6, and their bottoms should align.  See the background of the leg-with-corbels image below.  The part in the background tells you what you need to know.

I glued and screwed the 2x4s to the 2x6s.  I didn't skimp on the glue; to me, screws are just clamps and the glue does the work.  A happy accident here was that with the choice of 2x4s and 2x6's, no additional work was needed to position the lip to allow a 2" thick top.  Refer back to the first image.  Note the positioning of the top of the 4x4; it is in effect an extension of the lip.  The top will fit in here without any extra work.

What you can barely see in the first image is that the 2x6s are actually resting on what could charitably be called corbels.  These are supports that are glued and screwed to the outside of the legs.  Here's a leg and its corbels.

Here's what you get when you put it all together.

So you can see the bench's legs and aprons literally stand on their own.  Gravity is great, but how do we position the corbels to begin with?  Referring back to the first image, clamp a piece of scrap wood from the the aprons' lips, near the corner.  Then simply sit all this right on top of the leg post.  The post will butt against the scrap wood at exactly the right height.  Grab a corbel, position it and clamp, drill 2 pilot holes all the way into the post.  The you can remove the corbel, spread plenty of glue on the backside, and screw it to the post.  Repeat for the other edge.  Then repeat for the other 3 legs.  Easy peasy.

Now it should be pretty clear that the mechanical nature of the construction is going to provide strength.  When we bolt the things together, we're just making sure everything stays aligned.  In the spirit of overbuilding, however, I use two 3/8" lag screws per leg per side, as you see here.

You can see those bolt heads are countersunk.  I drilled a 1" hole using a spade bit deep enough to completely countersink the bolt head and washer underneath it.  You do this because if you don't you will eventually smack your most accurate caliper, that perfectly honed chisel edge, or your favorite knuckle against them.  I finished up by drilling a 3/8" hole through the center of the countersunk hole.  None of this was done in place; that is, I didn't drill into the leg.  The reason will become apparent when I discuss how the legs were bolted on to the apron.

TIP - How do you accurately drill the countersunk hole to depth?  Make a quick and dirty depth gage by putting a piece of masking tape on your spade bit such that when the tape brushes the top of the 2x6 you know you're done.

TIP - Get thee to Harbor Freight (or where ever) and get yourself a set of transfer punches.  They are a set of rods of graduated diameters.  One end of the punch is pointed.  The other end is for (lightly) tapping with a hammer.  You pre-drill a part, position it against a mating part, put a transfer punch in the drill hole, and give it a little tap.  The punch leaves a mark on the work that tells you where to drill the matching hole.

Now we have only to reassemble the leg and apron, mark the holes on the posts using a transfer punch, and drill two pilot holes.  That would work but I'd like to share a construction tip.  In my design, the 2x4s and the posts are supposed to be touching.  If they don't touch, it is possible the bench could rack slightly.  And once something like this starts moving, it usually keeps moving.  That's bad.   But the chance of me actually drilling 16 holes in exactly the right place is zero; maybe you can do it, I cannot.  But I accomplished this by using an old woodworking technique called draw-boring.  To do this, assemble the apron onto the corbels and get everything as snugged up as you can.  Then mark the position on the post by tapping a transfer punch through the 3/8" holes in the apron.  Remove the apron and use the hammer and punch to reposition the mark. Because wood is pliable and we're not driving nails here, we can do it without issue.  Just re-punch towards the corner that's between the corbels, and down by about 1/16" or a shade more.  Drill the pilot hole on this new mark. When those 3/8" lag bolts are put in, they will draw the 2x4s hard against the posts.  Perfection achieved, without having to be perfect.

TIP - Now this has never happened to me *cough* but if a person got confused and drilled a pilot hole in the wrong place, not only would the draw-bore not work, it would push the apron in the wrong direction.  This would be horrible.  If this did happen to me, I would know to salvage the situation by finding a dowel larger than the pilot hole, re-drilling the misplaced hole to the same diameter, tapping in said dowel with plenty of glue, and trimming off the excess dowel once the glue dried.

TIP - We have to drill holes in an apron so the bolt passes through.  We have to drill pilot holes in the posts so the bolts will bite without splitting the posts or being unnecessarily hard to screw in.  I purchased a set of drills similar to these.  I like being able to choose exactly the right drill.  (I didn't get mine from Amazon, that's just an example.)

Once the aprons and legs were bolted together, I added three joists.  These will help prevent the top from sagging over time.  I attached the joists to the apron using deck hangers.  I positioned the tops of the 2x4 joists in the same way I positioned the posts - I clamped a scrap down to the lip and made sure the joists were in contact with it.  Extra points if you use 2x4s that are slightly crowned, and you put the crowned sides up.

In addition to showing how everything fits together, this image it also shows what happens the instant you think you have everything control.  Note the extra holes in the apron.  I did not realize that the bolts in adjacent faces could collide with one another. The bolts farthest from the posts won't - but the closer ones will.  While making this mistake annoyed me, the fact is that it doesn't matter, except for my pride.  Once the bench is completed, I'll plug these holes.

Stay tuned for part 2, wherein I put on the top, and finish the base.

The Lathe Bench

I didn't care for the stand my lathe was on. It was a skeleton made of angle iron. There was nowhere to place tools, no room for a chip tray, and it wobbled. I decided to build a proper bench.

This bench is about 19" x 72".

The surface is made of three sheets of 1/2" plywood, glued and screwed together, topped with a thin melamine-covered fiberboard sheet. The plywood wasn't the best choice but I already owned it - this material was stuff I had been tripping over in my shop.

The surface is resting on ten 2x4 'joists' spaced 8 inches on center. The joists are supported by 2x8 aprons. The 2x8s are bolted to 4x4 legs.

The ends are 3/4" plywood screwed and glued to the legs.

Here's an apron with it's joist hangers.



Because I could!



The other apron side is completed and the joists test-fitted.



Counter-bored holes for the lag screws. Note the flaw in the wood. I recommend you pay attention to these things.



Here a leg is attached to the apron. I clamped the leg against the apron, squared them, and bored two 1/4" holes through the apron into the leg. After that I opened the hole in the apron to 3/8" so the screw wouldn't split the wood. You can't really see it in these pictures but there's a washer below the lag screw heads.



The aprons and legs all together. The joists have also been attached to the hangers with a screw at each end. There's a good argument for putting a sheet of plywood under the apron to make sure it doesn't bow outward.



A great deal of the bench's strength comes from the plywood ends. I hate raw plywood edges. Invariably I ding them and raise a bunch of splinters. Then I impale myself. I covered up the top and front edges with a piece of 1/2" thick pine, glued and nailed.



I attached each plywood end piece to the legs using Liquid Nails and 44 screws. That's a lot of screws but they are functioning as clamps. Besides, I've had them for 15 years. Might as well use them. They are 'Robertson' screws from McFeely's. Highly recommended.



And here we are, both ends attached. The base of the bench is complete. If it shows any signs of lateral racking I'll add a piece of plywood or a diagonal support to the back.


My son and I dropped in the three 1/2" plywood top pieces, spreading Liquid Nails between them. I 'clamped' the plywood sheets together while the glue dried by driving 50 screws through them into the joists. I used some pretty old Philips-head deck screws for this. They cammed out terribly. I'm cured of Philips-head screws now.



Screws. Yah. I could have used fewer. I'm glad I didn't.



I found a piece of fiberboard with melamine on one side. I used double-side tape to secure it to the bench. The fiberboard was leftover from another project. I was delighted to have enough, even if I did have to use two pieces.



And here's the lathe on its new bench. I haven't decided for sure where the lathe is going to sit.



And that's the bench. It's sturdy and economical. I spend about $70 on it, excluding the plywood top and fiberboard.